The figure above, reproduced from the book, is a graphic representation of Lev Vgotsky's theory of social learning.  Vgotsky maintained that " anything children can do with help today, they will be able to do by themselves tomorrow".  The zone of proximal development or ZPD is where we are helpless by ourselves but competent if we have assistance (Smith !988).  This theory serves as the foundation of Smith's classic view of learning.   The final portion of the book offers suggestions on how to save education from the official theory.  Here are three ideas that are suggested in this portion of the text:

1. Teachers need to look at what is effective classroom practice and eliminate ineffective ones.  Add to this teachers need to be totally honest in their dealings with students.

2. Teachers need to teach by promoting active lessons.  Students learn best by doing according to social learning theory.  Collaborative exercises would be useful in promoting learning.

3. Teachers need to work together to change the minds of administrators and parents.  This may be done by inviting these people to become involved in the classroom and see what students can accomplish.

Smith proposes that schools liberate themselves from the the official theory.  Replace testing with observing students perform the work.  Needless to say such a policy is against the mainstream view of education.  The classic view gives students a voice in what they learn.  The official view dictates what  children learn.  Student centered education is gaining, but under the constraints of the official theory.  Smith believes that the only way to reform education is to return to the classic view and give control of learning back to the teachers and students.  What he proposes is that educators go beyond teaching content and inviting students to become part of a community of life-long learners.

As in the other previous sections, objections to Smith's views are presented and answered.

 

Click on the overview button below to view details of the 4 sections of the book.